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	<title>Comments on: Bartels Manzi-handled</title>
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	<link>http://willwilkinson.net/flybottle/2008/04/10/bartels-manzi-handled/</link>
	<description>The Sweet Release of Reason</description>
	<lastBuildDate>Tue, 22 May 2012 20:28:45 +0000</lastBuildDate>
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		<title>By: John Doe</title>
		<link>http://willwilkinson.net/flybottle/2008/04/10/bartels-manzi-handled/#comment-13803</link>
		<dc:creator>John Doe</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sun, 13 Apr 2008 18:30:32 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.willwilkinson.net/flybottle/?p=1399#comment-13803</guid>
		<description>I&#039;m just not sure that it makes sense to talk of Presidents as &quot;shepherding the economy&quot; in the first place, as if nothing else mattered (Federal Reserve chairman, Congress, foreign oil producers, unexpected economic developments like the Internet, and a million other things).</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>I&#8217;m just not sure that it makes sense to talk of Presidents as &#8220;shepherding the economy&#8221; in the first place, as if nothing else mattered (Federal Reserve chairman, Congress, foreign oil producers, unexpected economic developments like the Internet, and a million other things).</p>
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		<title>By: John Doe</title>
		<link>http://willwilkinson.net/flybottle/2008/04/10/bartels-manzi-handled/#comment-13811</link>
		<dc:creator>John Doe</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sun, 13 Apr 2008 18:30:00 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.willwilkinson.net/flybottle/?p=1399#comment-13811</guid>
		<description>I&#039;m just not sure that it makes sense to talk of Presidents as &quot;shepherding the economy&quot; in the first place, as if nothing else mattered (Federal Reserve chairman, Congress, foreign oil producers, unexpected economic developments like the Internet, and a million other things).</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>I&#8217;m just not sure that it makes sense to talk of Presidents as &#8220;shepherding the economy&#8221; in the first place, as if nothing else mattered (Federal Reserve chairman, Congress, foreign oil producers, unexpected economic developments like the Internet, and a million other things).</p>
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		<title>By: KJ</title>
		<link>http://willwilkinson.net/flybottle/2008/04/10/bartels-manzi-handled/#comment-13802</link>
		<dc:creator>KJ</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sat, 12 Apr 2008 21:45:16 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.willwilkinson.net/flybottle/?p=1399#comment-13802</guid>
		<description>Good points.  But when the numbers come back like this, it would behoove us to consider the possibility that Democrats are simply much better at shepherding the economy than Republicans.

This seems intuitive to me just looking at the policy differences but many, smart economists among them, have yet to conclude that the more pragmatic democrats and their focus on job and wage growth have superior policies to the Republicans and their fundamentalist market ideology and tax cut fetish (I realize my characterization reveals my bias but its somewhat fair).  Trickle up economics just seems like a much more efficient economic model and I think those who don&#039;t see that need to look long and hard at Bartles&#039;s numbers.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Good points.  But when the numbers come back like this, it would behoove us to consider the possibility that Democrats are simply much better at shepherding the economy than Republicans.</p>
<p>This seems intuitive to me just looking at the policy differences but many, smart economists among them, have yet to conclude that the more pragmatic democrats and their focus on job and wage growth have superior policies to the Republicans and their fundamentalist market ideology and tax cut fetish (I realize my characterization reveals my bias but its somewhat fair).  Trickle up economics just seems like a much more efficient economic model and I think those who don&#8217;t see that need to look long and hard at Bartles&#8217;s numbers.</p>
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		<title>By: KJ</title>
		<link>http://willwilkinson.net/flybottle/2008/04/10/bartels-manzi-handled/#comment-13810</link>
		<dc:creator>KJ</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sat, 12 Apr 2008 21:45:00 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.willwilkinson.net/flybottle/?p=1399#comment-13810</guid>
		<description>Good points.  But when the numbers come back like this, it would behoove us to consider the possibility that Democrats are simply much better at shepherding the economy than Republicans.

This seems intuitive to me just looking at the policy differences but many, smart economists among them, have yet to conclude that the more pragmatic democrats and their focus on job and wage growth have superior policies to the Republicans and their fundamentalist market ideology and tax cut fetish (I realize my characterization reveals my bias but its somewhat fair).  Trickle up economics just seems like a much more efficient economic model and I think those who don&#039;t see that need to look long and hard at Bartles&#039;s numbers.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Good points.  But when the numbers come back like this, it would behoove us to consider the possibility that Democrats are simply much better at shepherding the economy than Republicans.</p>
<p>This seems intuitive to me just looking at the policy differences but many, smart economists among them, have yet to conclude that the more pragmatic democrats and their focus on job and wage growth have superior policies to the Republicans and their fundamentalist market ideology and tax cut fetish (I realize my characterization reveals my bias but its somewhat fair).  Trickle up economics just seems like a much more efficient economic model and I think those who don&#8217;t see that need to look long and hard at Bartles&#8217;s numbers.</p>
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		<title>By: John Doe</title>
		<link>http://willwilkinson.net/flybottle/2008/04/10/bartels-manzi-handled/#comment-13801</link>
		<dc:creator>John Doe</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sat, 12 Apr 2008 14:55:57 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.willwilkinson.net/flybottle/?p=1399#comment-13801</guid>
		<description>Moreover, although I&#039;m not an economist, my hunch is that Carter&#039;s appointment of Paul Volcker to the Federal Reserve had more effect on the national economy during the 1979-1987 years than anything Reagan did.  And Reagan&#039;s appointment of Alan Greenspan in 1987 had more effect on the national economy in the 1990s than anything Clinton specifically did.

So how does Bartels account for that?  Should we attribute the Reagan years to Carter, and the Clinton years to Reagan?  (If, that is, one is going to be so simplistic as to attribute given years to a President in the first place.)</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Moreover, although I&#8217;m not an economist, my hunch is that Carter&#8217;s appointment of Paul Volcker to the Federal Reserve had more effect on the national economy during the 1979-1987 years than anything Reagan did.  And Reagan&#8217;s appointment of Alan Greenspan in 1987 had more effect on the national economy in the 1990s than anything Clinton specifically did.</p>
<p>So how does Bartels account for that?  Should we attribute the Reagan years to Carter, and the Clinton years to Reagan?  (If, that is, one is going to be so simplistic as to attribute given years to a President in the first place.)</p>
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		<title>By: John Doe</title>
		<link>http://willwilkinson.net/flybottle/2008/04/10/bartels-manzi-handled/#comment-13804</link>
		<dc:creator>John Doe</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sat, 12 Apr 2008 14:55:00 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.willwilkinson.net/flybottle/?p=1399#comment-13804</guid>
		<description>Moreover, although I&#039;m not an economist, my hunch is that Carter&#039;s appointment of Paul Volcker to the Federal Reserve had more effect on the national economy during the 1979-1987 years than anything Reagan did.  And Reagan&#039;s appointment of Alan Greenspan in 1987 had more effect on the national economy in the 1990s than anything Clinton specifically did.

So how does Bartels account for that?  Should we attribute the Reagan years to Carter, and the Clinton years to Reagan?  (If, that is, one is going to be so simplistic as to attribute given years to a President in the first place.)</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Moreover, although I&#8217;m not an economist, my hunch is that Carter&#8217;s appointment of Paul Volcker to the Federal Reserve had more effect on the national economy during the 1979-1987 years than anything Reagan did.  And Reagan&#8217;s appointment of Alan Greenspan in 1987 had more effect on the national economy in the 1990s than anything Clinton specifically did.</p>
<p>So how does Bartels account for that?  Should we attribute the Reagan years to Carter, and the Clinton years to Reagan?  (If, that is, one is going to be so simplistic as to attribute given years to a President in the first place.)</p>
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		<title>By: John Doe</title>
		<link>http://willwilkinson.net/flybottle/2008/04/10/bartels-manzi-handled/#comment-13800</link>
		<dc:creator>John Doe</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sat, 12 Apr 2008 14:49:13 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.willwilkinson.net/flybottle/?p=1399#comment-13800</guid>
		<description>OK, but I still think that there are far too few data points (what, 11 Presidents?) to come with anything meaningful one way or the other.  It&#039;s the equivalent of Ptolemaic cycles -- sophisticated but irrelevant calculations.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>OK, but I still think that there are far too few data points (what, 11 Presidents?) to come with anything meaningful one way or the other.  It&#8217;s the equivalent of Ptolemaic cycles &#8212; sophisticated but irrelevant calculations.</p>
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		<title>By: John Doe</title>
		<link>http://willwilkinson.net/flybottle/2008/04/10/bartels-manzi-handled/#comment-13809</link>
		<dc:creator>John Doe</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sat, 12 Apr 2008 14:49:00 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.willwilkinson.net/flybottle/?p=1399#comment-13809</guid>
		<description>OK, but I still think that there are far too few data points (what, 11 Presidents?) to come with anything meaningful one way or the other.  It&#039;s the equivalent of Ptolemaic cycles -- sophisticated but irrelevant calculations.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>OK, but I still think that there are far too few data points (what, 11 Presidents?) to come with anything meaningful one way or the other.  It&#8217;s the equivalent of Ptolemaic cycles &#8212; sophisticated but irrelevant calculations.</p>
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		<title>By: KJ</title>
		<link>http://willwilkinson.net/flybottle/2008/04/10/bartels-manzi-handled/#comment-13799</link>
		<dc:creator>KJ</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Fri, 11 Apr 2008 22:57:22 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.willwilkinson.net/flybottle/?p=1399#comment-13799</guid>
		<description>Well John Doe, if that is your real name, you&#039;d have to believe Manzi&#039;s back of the envelope calculations over Bartles regression analysis.  Certainly he raises a good question for Bartles but I can see people dismissing Bartles analysis much more quickly than they should.

So I did my own back of the envelope calculations based on the same historical income tables that Manzi used.  See them here:

http://spreadsheets.google.com/pub?key=pAe3ZDTlAXAPzcIU5sMqbOA

Following are three sets of numbers from the spreadsheet above.  The first set has no lag for the presidents but ignores values from the first year in office after a partisan change.  Here are the results in terms of Dems outdoing Repubs (D growth - R growth) at the percentiles in questions (20th, 40th, 60th, 80th, and 95th).

2.01%	1.14%	1.07%	0.63%	0.79%

Here are the results with a 1 year lag like Bartles uses which seems to me to be the best:

1.72%	1.20%	0.87%	0.55%	-0.18%

And here are the results with a 2 year lag but ignoring the data 2 years after a change, i.e. I don&#039;t count what happened in 2002 as belonging to the Dems.  It is simply not counted at all although 2001 belongs to the Dems.

0.94%	0.75%	0.47%	0.12%	-0.44%

I&#039;d say Bartles numbers hold up pretty well and Manzi&#039;s calculations are, what&#039;s the economist&#039;s term again, ah yes, crappy.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Well John Doe, if that is your real name, you&#8217;d have to believe Manzi&#8217;s back of the envelope calculations over Bartles regression analysis.  Certainly he raises a good question for Bartles but I can see people dismissing Bartles analysis much more quickly than they should.</p>
<p>So I did my own back of the envelope calculations based on the same historical income tables that Manzi used.  See them here:</p>
<p><a href="http://spreadsheets.google.com/pub?key=pAe3ZDTlAXAPzcIU5sMqbOA" rel="nofollow">http://spreadsheets.google.com/pub?key=pAe3ZDTlAXAPzcIU5sMqbOA</a></p>
<p>Following are three sets of numbers from the spreadsheet above.  The first set has no lag for the presidents but ignores values from the first year in office after a partisan change.  Here are the results in terms of Dems outdoing Repubs (D growth &#8211; R growth) at the percentiles in questions (20th, 40th, 60th, 80th, and 95th).</p>
<p>2.01%	1.14%	1.07%	0.63%	0.79%</p>
<p>Here are the results with a 1 year lag like Bartles uses which seems to me to be the best:</p>
<p>1.72%	1.20%	0.87%	0.55%	-0.18%</p>
<p>And here are the results with a 2 year lag but ignoring the data 2 years after a change, i.e. I don&#8217;t count what happened in 2002 as belonging to the Dems.  It is simply not counted at all although 2001 belongs to the Dems.</p>
<p>0.94%	0.75%	0.47%	0.12%	-0.44%</p>
<p>I&#8217;d say Bartles numbers hold up pretty well and Manzi&#8217;s calculations are, what&#8217;s the economist&#8217;s term again, ah yes, crappy.</p>
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		<title>By: KJ</title>
		<link>http://willwilkinson.net/flybottle/2008/04/10/bartels-manzi-handled/#comment-13808</link>
		<dc:creator>KJ</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Fri, 11 Apr 2008 22:57:00 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.willwilkinson.net/flybottle/?p=1399#comment-13808</guid>
		<description>Well John Doe, if that is your real name, you&#039;d have to believe Manzi&#039;s back of the envelope calculations over Bartles regression analysis.  Certainly he raises a good question for Bartles but I can see people dismissing Bartles analysis much more quickly than they should.

So I did my own back of the envelope calculations based on the same historical income tables that Manzi used.  See them here:

http://spreadsheets.google.com/pub?key=pAe3ZDTlAXAPzcIU5sMqbOA

Following are three sets of numbers from the spreadsheet above.  The first set has no lag for the presidents but ignores values from the first year in office after a partisan change.  Here are the results in terms of Dems outdoing Repubs (D growth - R growth) at the percentiles in questions (20th, 40th, 60th, 80th, and 95th).

2.01%	1.14%	1.07%	0.63%	0.79%

Here are the results with a 1 year lag like Bartles uses which seems to me to be the best:

1.72%	1.20%	0.87%	0.55%	-0.18%

And here are the results with a 2 year lag but ignoring the data 2 years after a change, i.e. I don&#039;t count what happened in 2002 as belonging to the Dems.  It is simply not counted at all although 2001 belongs to the Dems.

0.94%	0.75%	0.47%	0.12%	-0.44%

I&#039;d say Bartles numbers hold up pretty well and Manzi&#039;s calculations are, what&#039;s the economist&#039;s term again, ah yes, crappy.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Well John Doe, if that is your real name, you&#8217;d have to believe Manzi&#8217;s back of the envelope calculations over Bartles regression analysis.  Certainly he raises a good question for Bartles but I can see people dismissing Bartles analysis much more quickly than they should.</p>
<p>So I did my own back of the envelope calculations based on the same historical income tables that Manzi used.  See them here:</p>
<p><a href="http://spreadsheets.google.com/pub?key=pAe3ZDTlAXAPzcIU5sMqbOA" rel="nofollow">http://spreadsheets.google.com/pub?key=pAe3ZDTlAXAPzcIU5sMqbOA</a></p>
<p>Following are three sets of numbers from the spreadsheet above.  The first set has no lag for the presidents but ignores values from the first year in office after a partisan change.  Here are the results in terms of Dems outdoing Repubs (D growth &#8211; R growth) at the percentiles in questions (20th, 40th, 60th, 80th, and 95th).</p>
<p>2.01%	1.14%	1.07%	0.63%	0.79%</p>
<p>Here are the results with a 1 year lag like Bartles uses which seems to me to be the best:</p>
<p>1.72%	1.20%	0.87%	0.55%	-0.18%</p>
<p>And here are the results with a 2 year lag but ignoring the data 2 years after a change, i.e. I don&#8217;t count what happened in 2002 as belonging to the Dems.  It is simply not counted at all although 2001 belongs to the Dems.</p>
<p>0.94%	0.75%	0.47%	0.12%	-0.44%</p>
<p>I&#8217;d say Bartles numbers hold up pretty well and Manzi&#8217;s calculations are, what&#8217;s the economist&#8217;s term again, ah yes, crappy.</p>
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		<title>By: John Doe</title>
		<link>http://willwilkinson.net/flybottle/2008/04/10/bartels-manzi-handled/#comment-13798</link>
		<dc:creator>John Doe</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Fri, 11 Apr 2008 13:22:30 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.willwilkinson.net/flybottle/?p=1399#comment-13798</guid>
		<description>Seems to me the real ideologues are the people pushing a spurious correlation that disappears if you shift the analysis one year in either direction.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Seems to me the real ideologues are the people pushing a spurious correlation that disappears if you shift the analysis one year in either direction.</p>
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		<title>By: John Doe</title>
		<link>http://willwilkinson.net/flybottle/2008/04/10/bartels-manzi-handled/#comment-13807</link>
		<dc:creator>John Doe</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Fri, 11 Apr 2008 13:22:00 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.willwilkinson.net/flybottle/?p=1399#comment-13807</guid>
		<description>Seems to me the real ideologues are the people pushing a spurious correlation that disappears if you shift the analysis one year in either direction.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Seems to me the real ideologues are the people pushing a spurious correlation that disappears if you shift the analysis one year in either direction.</p>
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		<title>By: KJ</title>
		<link>http://willwilkinson.net/flybottle/2008/04/10/bartels-manzi-handled/#comment-13797</link>
		<dc:creator>KJ</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 10 Apr 2008 18:09:56 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.willwilkinson.net/flybottle/?p=1399#comment-13797</guid>
		<description>Here&#039;s the link above for easy surfing:

http://rodrik.typepad.com/dani_rodriks_weblog/2008/04/larry-bartels-r.html</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Here&#8217;s the link above for easy surfing:</p>
<p><a href="http://rodrik.typepad.com/dani_rodriks_weblog/2008/04/larry-bartels-r.html" rel="nofollow">http://rodrik.typepad.com/dani_rodriks_weblog/2008/04/larry-bartels-r.html</a></p>
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		<title>By: KJ</title>
		<link>http://willwilkinson.net/flybottle/2008/04/10/bartels-manzi-handled/#comment-13796</link>
		<dc:creator>KJ</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 10 Apr 2008 18:09:07 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.willwilkinson.net/flybottle/?p=1399#comment-13796</guid>
		<description>I find Manzi&#039;s ideological back of the envelope calculations quite unconvincing.  Bartels answers some questions here (http://rodrik.typepad.com/dani_rodriks_weblog/2008/04/larry-bartels-r.html) so I&#039;d suggest if you read Manzi you also read Bartels responding to some of the questions raised by his research.  Here&#039;s an excerpt:

Are the partisan differences in income growth merely coincidental?  It is never possible to rule out coincidence in historical analyses of this sort, but the odds are very much against it. The differences in average growth rates for middle-class and poor families are &quot;statistically significant&quot; by conventional social-scientific standards. (A post at www.conservativescientist.com suggests otherwise, reproducing my figure with ludicrously wide &quot;error bars&quot;; but those &quot;error bars&quot; are based on a simple confusion between the standard deviations of income growth reported in one of my unpublished papers and standard errors of the average growth rates, which are quite another thing.) More importantly, the differences appear consistently in the pre-1974 (high growth) and post-1974 (low growth) eras; they persist even when any one or two administrations (or election years, or transition years) are omitted from the tabulations; and they persist even after taking account of a considerable variety of potential confounding factors.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>I find Manzi&#8217;s ideological back of the envelope calculations quite unconvincing.  Bartels answers some questions here (<a href="http://rodrik.typepad.com/dani_rodriks_weblog/2008/04/larry-bartels-r.html" rel="nofollow">http://rodrik.typepad.com/dani_rodriks_weblog/2008/04/larry-bartels-r.html</a>) so I&#8217;d suggest if you read Manzi you also read Bartels responding to some of the questions raised by his research.  Here&#8217;s an excerpt:</p>
<p>Are the partisan differences in income growth merely coincidental?  It is never possible to rule out coincidence in historical analyses of this sort, but the odds are very much against it. The differences in average growth rates for middle-class and poor families are &#8220;statistically significant&#8221; by conventional social-scientific standards. (A post at <a href="http://www.conservativescientist.com" rel="nofollow">http://www.conservativescientist.com</a> suggests otherwise, reproducing my figure with ludicrously wide &#8220;error bars&#8221;; but those &#8220;error bars&#8221; are based on a simple confusion between the standard deviations of income growth reported in one of my unpublished papers and standard errors of the average growth rates, which are quite another thing.) More importantly, the differences appear consistently in the pre-1974 (high growth) and post-1974 (low growth) eras; they persist even when any one or two administrations (or election years, or transition years) are omitted from the tabulations; and they persist even after taking account of a considerable variety of potential confounding factors.</p>
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		<title>By: KJ</title>
		<link>http://willwilkinson.net/flybottle/2008/04/10/bartels-manzi-handled/#comment-13805</link>
		<dc:creator>KJ</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 10 Apr 2008 18:09:00 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.willwilkinson.net/flybottle/?p=1399#comment-13805</guid>
		<description>I find Manzi&#039;s ideological back of the envelope calculations quite unconvincing.  Bartels answers some questions here (http://rodrik.typepad.com/dani_rodriks_weblog/2008/04/larry-bartels-r.html) so I&#039;d suggest if you read Manzi you also read Bartels responding to some of the questions raised by his research.  Here&#039;s an excerpt:

Are the partisan differences in income growth merely coincidental?  It is never possible to rule out coincidence in historical analyses of this sort, but the odds are very much against it. The differences in average growth rates for middle-class and poor families are &quot;statistically significant&quot; by conventional social-scientific standards. (A post at www.conservativescientist.com suggests otherwise, reproducing my figure with ludicrously wide &quot;error bars&quot;; but those &quot;error bars&quot; are based on a simple confusion between the standard deviations of income growth reported in one of my unpublished papers and standard errors of the average growth rates, which are quite another thing.) More importantly, the differences appear consistently in the pre-1974 (high growth) and post-1974 (low growth) eras; they persist even when any one or two administrations (or election years, or transition years) are omitted from the tabulations; and they persist even after taking account of a considerable variety of potential confounding factors.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>I find Manzi&#8217;s ideological back of the envelope calculations quite unconvincing.  Bartels answers some questions here (<a href="http://rodrik.typepad.com/dani_rodriks_weblog/2008/04/larry-bartels-r.html" rel="nofollow">http://rodrik.typepad.com/dani_rodriks_weblog/2008/04/larry-bartels-r.html</a>) so I&#8217;d suggest if you read Manzi you also read Bartels responding to some of the questions raised by his research.  Here&#8217;s an excerpt:</p>
<p>Are the partisan differences in income growth merely coincidental?  It is never possible to rule out coincidence in historical analyses of this sort, but the odds are very much against it. The differences in average growth rates for middle-class and poor families are &#8220;statistically significant&#8221; by conventional social-scientific standards. (A post at <a href="http://www.conservativescientist.com" rel="nofollow">http://www.conservativescientist.com</a> suggests otherwise, reproducing my figure with ludicrously wide &#8220;error bars&#8221;; but those &#8220;error bars&#8221; are based on a simple confusion between the standard deviations of income growth reported in one of my unpublished papers and standard errors of the average growth rates, which are quite another thing.) More importantly, the differences appear consistently in the pre-1974 (high growth) and post-1974 (low growth) eras; they persist even when any one or two administrations (or election years, or transition years) are omitted from the tabulations; and they persist even after taking account of a considerable variety of potential confounding factors.</p>
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