Is that because self-referential paradoxes are fun?

The “relativist” attitude being argued against sees the appropriate approach to moral problems not as checking the list of things that are Always Wrong, but as asking what is “right for you” or something like that. Again, this isn’t a carefully thought-out position so much as an attitude. A paradigmatic example would be the line that the decision to have an abortion should be between “a woman, her doctor, and her God”.

I dig what you say about the core of morality involving principles and rules of social coordination; this does imply a kind of relativism, simply because there is often more than one way to effectively coordinate action consistent with everyone having a decent shot at achieving what is naturally, humanly, rationally important to them. I also think you are right that agent-relative reasons are basic: if nothing were important or mattered to individual agents, there would be no point for us to take the individual and social attitudes that we do toward, say, people keeping their agreements.

But I take morality to involve (public) obligations to others, not simply (private) reasons for action. Which is to say: if A is obligated to phi with regard to B, B has the authority to command A to phi; and everyone else values A and B, or anyone else, taking just these attitudes toward each other in just those situations. (Think of my stepping on your foot and you telling me to get off. And think of how we might teach Johnny not to whack Sally and take the toy he wants; and Sally how to stick up for herself.) This would seem to be the “normative form” of at least many of our most important principles/rules of action-coordination. Though you do not make this clear in your post, I take it that we rationally place a high degree of intrinsic importance in doing what we are obligated to others to do (and more broadly doing what is morally right). You are right that, though there is a core universality to this, some bits are society-relative.

And you are right about lots of other stuff! You are right that not all moral reasons are agent-neutral; I have more reason not to break agreements that I have made than I have to prevent any old agreement from being broken. An essential bit of the obligation-with-correlative-authority-to-command social normative “structure” involves just this agent-relativity (hence, the association in the philosophical literature between deontology or duty and agent-relative reason for action). Folks who think morality is about maximizing agent-neutrally valuable items — i.e. consequentialists — are about as wrong as wrong can get. (Check out Stephen Darwall’s recent work on this “second-person” aspect to morality. Really interesting stuff, though not sure how much is in print yet.)

You are also right that some not-so-social moral goodness, rightness, and virtue (e.g., being courageous) does not involve the coordination of action. But I suspect that one’s reason, say, to be courageous is a specifically *moral* reason precisely because it is appropriately something of importance to all of us, when seen through the lens of coordinating action and achieving the mutual and common good. There may be good public reasons for wanting people to be a certain way even when this certain way does not always involve treating others some particular way.

I’m interested. Do you think that internalism about reasons is true? That is, do you think that there is some necessary connection between people having best reasop to do something and it being morally right?

The reasons that I ask is that you focus on what we have reason to do without explicitly talking very much about what’s morally right (or wrong). So I’m thinking that you might think that if we have reason to do something (or best reason to do something, more likely), then that action is morally right.

Is that your view? Is it even close to your view?

I don’t think the Pope means that there are never any moral decisions where the norms of your culture are relevant. But I think he would say there is a distinction between “A is wrong” and “A is disapproved by my culture.” And he’s quite right about that.

So, it’s morally right to drive on the left side of the road in England, but not in Maryland. But driving on the wrong side of the road isn’t wrong because Marylanders disapprove of it; it’s wrong because it could kill innocent people.

Where the Pope’s off is his Thomist views about the purpose of sex. And drugs and rock ‘n roll too.

Protestant fundamentalists understand faith as a book of rules but I believe the Catholic Church has always regarded its rules (the Magisterium) as matters of interpretation. What I think the new Pope is trying to state is (1) the proposition that there are facts as well as opinions, so as to defend (2) the proposition that the central tenets of Christian faith are facts and not opinions.

The purpose of this defense is to oppose the notion that all facts reduce to opinions. But what I think challenges the second proposition is the direction of modern factual knowledge itself, particularly in medical science and technology.

In the recent Florida case, religious conservatives asserted the moral need to keep hospitalized people alive in body, if death is not imminent and the means to keep them bodily alive are available. However, if enforced, this demand will hold the right to die hostage to evolving medical technology. If the means to prolong biological existence indefinitely become available, the moral imperative to preserve life will collide with what used to be the prerogative of God to decide how long a person’s natural life ought to be.

Attacks on relativism do not address this kind of situation, which is created by evolving facts and not by the ebb and flow of opinion.

Isn’t their interpretation of their Book of Rules a part of their culture? If you are referring to Islam, Christianity or Judaism (“peoples of the book”), isn’t their culture derived directly from their interpretation of those texts?

One reason why I am a relativist is that different sets of coordinative moral rules can coordinate the pursuit of individual ends equally well. So each set of such rules will be on an equal justificatory footing. However, one set of rules may create moral reasons that another doesn’t. So, something that is morally obligatory in society A may be morally optional or morally forbidden in society B. So moral reasons can be relative to a set of coordinative rules. But the sets of rules, taken as a whole, are morally equivalent.

This is one reason that stories of people caught between two societies or cultures can make for great literature. It is possible to be pulled in different directions by the different rules of the societies one is bridging, and it may be normatively binding in both directions, so that whatever one does, one does something wrong.

What does your thirst or my desire to go to dental school have to do with morality? Nothing. People have different goals, so it’s rational for them to do different things to achieve them. It may be right for you to drink water to satisfy your thirst, but not *morally* right… right?

Perhaps Velleman is just talking about a standard definition of relativism, namely, that relativism is the view that the truth or falsity of moral propositions depends on someone’s perspective. (Maybe the speaker’s, maybe his culture’s if there is such a thing, etc.). That could be what he means by “agent-relative.” I dunno. But your post isn’t helping much!

What does your thirst or my desire to go to dental school have to do with morality? Nothing. People have different goals, so it’s rational for them to do different things to achieve them. It may be right for you to drink water to satisfy your thirst, but not *morally* right… right?

Perhaps Velleman is just talking about a standard definition of relativism, namely, that relativism is the view that the truth or falsity of moral propositions depends on someone’s perspective. (Maybe the speaker’s, maybe his culture’s if there is such a thing, etc.). That could be what he means by “agent-relative.” I dunno. But your post isn’t helping much!